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"""Hook for SSH connections."""
from __future__ import annotations
import os
import warnings
from base64 import decodebytes
from functools import cached_property
from io import StringIO
from select import select
from typing import Any, Sequence
import paramiko
from deprecated import deprecated
from paramiko.config import SSH_PORT
from sshtunnel import SSHTunnelForwarder
from tenacity import Retrying, stop_after_attempt, wait_fixed, wait_random
from airflow.exceptions import AirflowException, AirflowProviderDeprecationWarning
from airflow.hooks.base import BaseHook
from airflow.utils.platform import getuser
from airflow.utils.types import NOTSET, ArgNotSet
[docs]class SSHHook(BaseHook):
"""Execute remote commands with Paramiko.
.. seealso:: https://github.com/paramiko/paramiko
This hook also lets you create ssh tunnel and serve as basis for SFTP file transfer.
:param ssh_conn_id: :ref:`ssh connection id<howto/connection:ssh>` from airflow
Connections from where all the required parameters can be fetched like
username, password or key_file, though priority is given to the
params passed during init.
:param remote_host: remote host to connect
:param username: username to connect to the remote_host
:param password: password of the username to connect to the remote_host
:param key_file: path to key file to use to connect to the remote_host
:param port: port of remote host to connect (Default is paramiko SSH_PORT)
:param conn_timeout: timeout (in seconds) for the attempt to connect to the remote_host.
The default is 10 seconds. If provided, it will replace the `conn_timeout` which was
predefined in the connection of `ssh_conn_id`.
:param timeout: (Deprecated). timeout for the attempt to connect to the remote_host.
Use conn_timeout instead.
:param cmd_timeout: timeout (in seconds) for executing the command. The default is 10 seconds.
Nullable, `None` means no timeout. If provided, it will replace the `cmd_timeout`
which was predefined in the connection of `ssh_conn_id`.
:param keepalive_interval: send a keepalive packet to remote host every
keepalive_interval seconds
:param banner_timeout: timeout to wait for banner from the server in seconds
:param disabled_algorithms: dictionary mapping algorithm type to an
iterable of algorithm identifiers, which will be disabled for the
lifetime of the transport
:param ciphers: list of ciphers to use in order of preference
"""
# List of classes to try loading private keys as, ordered (roughly) by most common to least common
_pkey_loaders: Sequence[type[paramiko.PKey]] = (
paramiko.RSAKey,
paramiko.ECDSAKey,
paramiko.Ed25519Key,
paramiko.DSSKey,
)
_host_key_mappings = {
"rsa": paramiko.RSAKey,
"dss": paramiko.DSSKey,
"ecdsa": paramiko.ECDSAKey,
"ed25519": paramiko.Ed25519Key,
}
[docs] conn_name_attr = "ssh_conn_id"
[docs] default_conn_name = "ssh_default"
@classmethod
[docs] def get_ui_field_behaviour(cls) -> dict[str, Any]:
"""Return custom UI field behaviour for SSH connection."""
return {
"hidden_fields": ["schema"],
"relabeling": {
"login": "Username",
},
}
def __init__(
self,
ssh_conn_id: str | None = None,
remote_host: str = "",
username: str | None = None,
password: str | None = None,
key_file: str | None = None,
port: int | None = None,
timeout: int | None = None,
conn_timeout: int | None = None,
cmd_timeout: int | ArgNotSet | None = NOTSET,
keepalive_interval: int = 30,
banner_timeout: float = 30.0,
disabled_algorithms: dict | None = None,
ciphers: list[str] | None = None,
) -> None:
super().__init__()
self.ssh_conn_id = ssh_conn_id
self.remote_host = remote_host
self.username = username
self.password = password
self.key_file = key_file
self.pkey = None
self.port = port
self.timeout = timeout
self.conn_timeout = conn_timeout
self.cmd_timeout = cmd_timeout
self.keepalive_interval = keepalive_interval
self.banner_timeout = banner_timeout
self.disabled_algorithms = disabled_algorithms
self.ciphers = ciphers
self.host_proxy_cmd = None
# Default values, overridable from Connection
self.compress = True
self.no_host_key_check = True
self.allow_host_key_change = False
self.host_key = None
self.look_for_keys = True
# Placeholder for deprecated __enter__
self.client: paramiko.SSHClient | None = None
# Use connection to override defaults
if self.ssh_conn_id is not None:
conn = self.get_connection(self.ssh_conn_id)
if self.username is None:
self.username = conn.login
if self.password is None:
self.password = conn.password
if not self.remote_host:
self.remote_host = conn.host
if self.port is None:
self.port = conn.port
if conn.extra is not None:
extra_options = conn.extra_dejson
if "key_file" in extra_options and self.key_file is None:
self.key_file = extra_options.get("key_file")
private_key = extra_options.get("private_key")
private_key_passphrase = extra_options.get("private_key_passphrase")
if private_key:
self.pkey = self._pkey_from_private_key(private_key, passphrase=private_key_passphrase)
if "timeout" in extra_options:
warnings.warn(
"Extra option `timeout` is deprecated."
"Please use `conn_timeout` instead."
"The old option `timeout` will be removed in a future version.",
category=AirflowProviderDeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
self.timeout = int(extra_options["timeout"])
if "conn_timeout" in extra_options and self.conn_timeout is None:
self.conn_timeout = int(extra_options["conn_timeout"])
if "cmd_timeout" in extra_options and self.cmd_timeout is NOTSET:
if extra_options["cmd_timeout"]:
self.cmd_timeout = int(extra_options["cmd_timeout"])
else:
self.cmd_timeout = None
if "compress" in extra_options and str(extra_options["compress"]).lower() == "false":
self.compress = False
host_key = extra_options.get("host_key")
no_host_key_check = extra_options.get("no_host_key_check")
if no_host_key_check is not None:
no_host_key_check = str(no_host_key_check).lower() == "true"
if host_key is not None and no_host_key_check:
raise ValueError("Must check host key when provided")
self.no_host_key_check = no_host_key_check
if (
"allow_host_key_change" in extra_options
and str(extra_options["allow_host_key_change"]).lower() == "true"
):
self.allow_host_key_change = True
if (
"look_for_keys" in extra_options
and str(extra_options["look_for_keys"]).lower() == "false"
):
self.look_for_keys = False
if "disabled_algorithms" in extra_options:
self.disabled_algorithms = extra_options.get("disabled_algorithms")
if "ciphers" in extra_options:
self.ciphers = extra_options.get("ciphers")
if host_key is not None:
if host_key.startswith("ssh-"):
key_type, host_key = host_key.split(None)[:2]
key_constructor = self._host_key_mappings[key_type[4:]]
else:
key_constructor = paramiko.RSAKey
decoded_host_key = decodebytes(host_key.encode("utf-8"))
self.host_key = key_constructor(data=decoded_host_key)
self.no_host_key_check = False
if self.timeout:
warnings.warn(
"Parameter `timeout` is deprecated."
"Please use `conn_timeout` instead."
"The old option `timeout` will be removed in a future version.",
category=AirflowProviderDeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
if self.conn_timeout is None:
self.conn_timeout = self.timeout if self.timeout else TIMEOUT_DEFAULT
if self.cmd_timeout is NOTSET:
self.cmd_timeout = CMD_TIMEOUT
if self.pkey and self.key_file:
raise AirflowException(
"Params key_file and private_key both provided. Must provide no more than one."
)
if not self.remote_host:
raise AirflowException("Missing required param: remote_host")
# Auto detecting username values from system
if not self.username:
self.log.debug(
"username to ssh to host: %s is not specified for connection id"
" %s. Using system's default provided by getpass.getuser()",
self.remote_host,
self.ssh_conn_id,
)
self.username = getuser()
user_ssh_config_filename = os.path.expanduser("~/.ssh/config")
if os.path.isfile(user_ssh_config_filename):
ssh_conf = paramiko.SSHConfig()
with open(user_ssh_config_filename) as config_fd:
ssh_conf.parse(config_fd)
host_info = ssh_conf.lookup(self.remote_host)
if host_info and host_info.get("proxycommand"):
self.host_proxy_cmd = host_info["proxycommand"]
if not (self.password or self.key_file):
if host_info and host_info.get("identityfile"):
self.key_file = host_info["identityfile"][0]
self.port = self.port or SSH_PORT
@cached_property
[docs] def host_proxy(self) -> paramiko.ProxyCommand | None:
cmd = self.host_proxy_cmd
return paramiko.ProxyCommand(cmd) if cmd else None
[docs] def get_conn(self) -> paramiko.SSHClient:
"""Establish an SSH connection to the remote host."""
self.log.debug("Creating SSH client for conn_id: %s", self.ssh_conn_id)
client = paramiko.SSHClient()
if self.allow_host_key_change:
self.log.warning(
"Remote Identification Change is not verified. "
"This won't protect against Man-In-The-Middle attacks"
)
# to avoid BadHostKeyException, skip loading host keys
client.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.MissingHostKeyPolicy)
else:
client.load_system_host_keys()
if self.no_host_key_check:
self.log.warning("No Host Key Verification. This won't protect against Man-In-The-Middle attacks")
client.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy()) # nosec B507
# to avoid BadHostKeyException, skip loading and saving host keys
known_hosts = os.path.expanduser("~/.ssh/known_hosts")
if not self.allow_host_key_change and os.path.isfile(known_hosts):
client.load_host_keys(known_hosts)
elif self.host_key is not None:
# Get host key from connection extra if it not set or None then we fallback to system host keys
client_host_keys = client.get_host_keys()
if self.port == SSH_PORT:
client_host_keys.add(self.remote_host, self.host_key.get_name(), self.host_key)
else:
client_host_keys.add(
f"[{self.remote_host}]:{self.port}", self.host_key.get_name(), self.host_key
)
connect_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {
"hostname": self.remote_host,
"username": self.username,
"timeout": self.conn_timeout,
"compress": self.compress,
"port": self.port,
"sock": self.host_proxy,
"look_for_keys": self.look_for_keys,
"banner_timeout": self.banner_timeout,
}
if self.password:
password = self.password.strip()
connect_kwargs.update(password=password)
if self.pkey:
connect_kwargs.update(pkey=self.pkey)
if self.key_file:
connect_kwargs.update(key_filename=self.key_file)
if self.disabled_algorithms:
connect_kwargs.update(disabled_algorithms=self.disabled_algorithms)
def log_before_sleep(retry_state):
return self.log.info(
"Failed to connect. Sleeping before retry attempt %d", retry_state.attempt_number
)
for attempt in Retrying(
reraise=True,
wait=wait_fixed(3) + wait_random(0, 2),
stop=stop_after_attempt(3),
before_sleep=log_before_sleep,
):
with attempt:
client.connect(**connect_kwargs)
if self.keepalive_interval:
# MyPy check ignored because "paramiko" isn't well-typed. The `client.get_transport()` returns
# type "Transport | None" and item "None" has no attribute "set_keepalive".
client.get_transport().set_keepalive(self.keepalive_interval) # type: ignore[union-attr]
if self.ciphers:
# MyPy check ignored because "paramiko" isn't well-typed. The `client.get_transport()` returns
# type "Transport | None" and item "None" has no method `get_security_options`".
client.get_transport().get_security_options().ciphers = self.ciphers # type: ignore[union-attr]
self.client = client
return client
@deprecated(
reason=(
"The contextmanager of SSHHook is deprecated."
"Please use get_conn() as a contextmanager instead."
"This method will be removed in Airflow 2.0"
),
category=AirflowProviderDeprecationWarning,
)
[docs] def __enter__(self) -> SSHHook:
"""Return an instance of SSHHook when the `with` statement is used."""
return self
[docs] def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb) -> None:
"""Clear ssh client after exiting the `with` statement block."""
if self.client is not None:
self.client.close()
self.client = None
[docs] def get_tunnel(
self, remote_port: int, remote_host: str = "localhost", local_port: int | None = None
) -> SSHTunnelForwarder:
"""Create a tunnel between two hosts.
This is conceptually similar to ``ssh -L <LOCAL_PORT>:host:<REMOTE_PORT>``.
:param remote_port: The remote port to create a tunnel to
:param remote_host: The remote host to create a tunnel to (default localhost)
:param local_port: The local port to attach the tunnel to
:return: sshtunnel.SSHTunnelForwarder object
"""
if local_port:
local_bind_address: tuple[str, int] | tuple[str] = ("localhost", local_port)
else:
local_bind_address = ("localhost",)
tunnel_kwargs = {
"ssh_port": self.port,
"ssh_username": self.username,
"ssh_pkey": self.key_file or self.pkey,
"ssh_proxy": self.host_proxy,
"local_bind_address": local_bind_address,
"remote_bind_address": (remote_host, remote_port),
"logger": self.log,
}
if self.password:
password = self.password.strip()
tunnel_kwargs.update(
ssh_password=password,
)
else:
tunnel_kwargs.update(
host_pkey_directories=None,
)
client = SSHTunnelForwarder(self.remote_host, **tunnel_kwargs)
return client
@deprecated(
reason=(
"SSHHook.create_tunnel is deprecated, Please "
"use get_tunnel() instead. But please note that the "
"order of the parameters have changed. "
"This method will be removed in Airflow 2.0"
),
category=AirflowProviderDeprecationWarning,
)
[docs] def create_tunnel(
self, local_port: int, remote_port: int, remote_host: str = "localhost"
) -> SSHTunnelForwarder:
"""Create a tunnel for SSH connection [Deprecated].
:param local_port: local port number
:param remote_port: remote port number
:param remote_host: remote host
"""
return self.get_tunnel(remote_port, remote_host, local_port)
def _pkey_from_private_key(self, private_key: str, passphrase: str | None = None) -> paramiko.PKey:
"""Create an appropriate Paramiko key for a given private key.
:param private_key: string containing private key
:return: ``paramiko.PKey`` appropriate for given key
:raises AirflowException: if key cannot be read
"""
if len(private_key.splitlines()) < 2:
raise AirflowException("Key must have BEGIN and END header/footer on separate lines.")
for pkey_class in self._pkey_loaders:
try:
key = pkey_class.from_private_key(StringIO(private_key), password=passphrase)
# Test it actually works. If Paramiko loads an openssh generated key, sometimes it will
# happily load it as the wrong type, only to fail when actually used.
key.sign_ssh_data(b"")
return key
except (paramiko.ssh_exception.SSHException, ValueError):
continue
raise AirflowException(
"Private key provided cannot be read by paramiko."
"Ensure key provided is valid for one of the following"
"key formats: RSA, DSS, ECDSA, or Ed25519"
)
[docs] def exec_ssh_client_command(
self,
ssh_client: paramiko.SSHClient,
command: str,
get_pty: bool,
environment: dict | None,
timeout: int | ArgNotSet | None = NOTSET,
) -> tuple[int, bytes, bytes]:
self.log.info("Running command: %s", command)
cmd_timeout: int | None
if not isinstance(timeout, ArgNotSet):
cmd_timeout = timeout
elif not isinstance(self.cmd_timeout, ArgNotSet):
cmd_timeout = self.cmd_timeout
else:
cmd_timeout = CMD_TIMEOUT
del timeout # Too easy to confuse with "timedout" below.
# set timeout taken as params
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh_client.exec_command(
command=command,
get_pty=get_pty,
timeout=cmd_timeout,
environment=environment,
)
# get channels
channel = stdout.channel
# closing stdin
stdin.close()
channel.shutdown_write()
agg_stdout = b""
agg_stderr = b""
# capture any initial output in case channel is closed already
stdout_buffer_length = len(stdout.channel.in_buffer)
if stdout_buffer_length > 0:
agg_stdout += stdout.channel.recv(stdout_buffer_length)
timedout = False
# read from both stdout and stderr
while not channel.closed or channel.recv_ready() or channel.recv_stderr_ready():
readq, _, _ = select([channel], [], [], cmd_timeout)
if cmd_timeout is not None:
timedout = not readq
for recv in readq:
if recv.recv_ready():
output = stdout.channel.recv(len(recv.in_buffer))
agg_stdout += output
for line in output.decode("utf-8", "replace").strip("\n").splitlines():
self.log.info(line)
if recv.recv_stderr_ready():
output = stderr.channel.recv_stderr(len(recv.in_stderr_buffer))
agg_stderr += output
for line in output.decode("utf-8", "replace").strip("\n").splitlines():
self.log.warning(line)
if (
stdout.channel.exit_status_ready()
and not stderr.channel.recv_stderr_ready()
and not stdout.channel.recv_ready()
) or timedout:
stdout.channel.shutdown_read()
try:
stdout.channel.close()
except Exception:
# there is a race that when shutdown_read has been called and when
# you try to close the connection, the socket is already closed
# We should ignore such errors (but we should log them with warning)
self.log.warning("Ignoring exception on close", exc_info=True)
break
stdout.close()
stderr.close()
if timedout:
raise AirflowException("SSH command timed out")
exit_status = stdout.channel.recv_exit_status()
return exit_status, agg_stdout, agg_stderr
[docs] def test_connection(self) -> tuple[bool, str]:
"""Test the ssh connection by execute remote bash commands."""
try:
with self.get_conn() as conn:
conn.exec_command("pwd")
return True, "Connection successfully tested"
except Exception as e:
return False, str(e)